Wage And Salary

Karl Marx accepted Ricardo's labour theory of value, but he subscribed to a subsistence theory of wages for a different reason than that given by the classical economists. In Marx's mind, it was not the pressure of population that drove wages to the subsistence level but rather the existence of a large army of unemployed, which he blamed on the capitalists. He stated

Mu�oz, Juan

Spanish sculptor (b. June 17, 1953, Madrid, Spain - d. Aug. 28, 2001, Ibiza, Spain), created moody and challenging installation artworks, most of which featured monochromatic human figures placed amid unnerving architectural spaces and often incorporating animatronics and sound. In 2000 Mu�oz received Spain's highest cultural award, the Premio Nacional de Belles Artes. His last completed

Ilbert Bill

In the history of India, a controversial measure proposed in 1883 that sought to allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British subjects in India. The bill, severely weakened by compromise, was enacted by the Indian Legislative Council on Jan. 25, 1884. The bitter controversy surrounding the measure deepened antagonism between British and Indians

Paraguay River

The source and upper course of the Paraguay River are in Brazil, where it demarcates

Han

The han evolved during the 15th century when local daimyo gradually came into military and civil control of their own domains. In the warfare that took place among them at the end of the century, the size of the han gradually increased; many assumed the boundaries of one or

All's Well That Ends Well

The play concerns the efforts of Helena, daughter of a renowned physician, to make Bertram, the count of Rossillion, her husband. When Bertram is

Uda

The son of the emperor Koko, Uda was one of the few rulers during this period whose mother was not a member of the Fujiwara family, which, partly through intermarriage with the imperial line, dominated Japan from 859 to 1160. During the first part of Uda's reign, Mototsune, the head of the Fujiwara house, occupied the post of kampaku,

Biblical Literature, German versions

The early Old Testament in Gothic has already been described. The New Testament remains are far more extensive and are preserved mainly in the Codex Argenteus (c. 525) and Codex Gissensis. The translation, essentially based on a Byzantine text, is exceedingly literal and not homogeneous. It is difficult to determine the degree of contamination that the original Gospels

Lu-chou

Pinyin �Luzhou, � city in southern Szechwan sheng (province), China. A river port at the junction of the Yangtze River and the T'o River, Lu-chou's communications were further improved during World War II, when a highway was built south across the mountains to K'un-ming in Yunnan province to connect Szechwan to the Burma Road. Lu-chou, although an ancient city, remains essentially a river

Rodin, Auguste

In full �Fran�ois-Auguste-Ren� Rodin� French sculptor of sumptuous bronze and marble figures, considered by some critics to be the greatest portraitist in the history of sculpture. His La Porte de l'Enfer (The Gates of Hell; see photograph), commissioned in 1880 for the future Mus�e des Arts D�coratifs in Paris, remained unfinished at his death but nonetheless

Chia-ching

Notoriously cruel, Chia-ching caused hundreds of officials who had the temerity to disagree with him to be tortured, demoted, or killed. He spent much of his time and money, especially in his later

Gadda, Carlo Emilio

Gadda was educated as an electrical engineer and volunteered in World War I. During the 1920s he worked as an engineer abroad. He began writing in the 1930s and from the first demonstrated

Acheulean Industry

Acheulean also spelled �Acheulian, � first standardized tradition of toolmaking of Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens. Named for the type site, Saint-Acheul, in Somme d�partement, in northern France, Acheulean tools were made of stone with good fracture characteristics, including chalcedony, jasper, and flint; in regions lacking these, quartzite might be used. During the Acheulean period, which lasted

Printmaking, Aquatint

Aquatint is a process used to etch tonal areas on the plate. The first step is to give the plate a porous ground by dusting it with rosin powder and fusing the powder to the plate by means of heat. When the plate is etched, the acid goes through the pores in the ground and bites tiny cavities in the metal. These cavities hold the ink. A variety of tones and textures can be created,

China, Road networks

The first modern highway in China was built in 1913 in Hunan Province. The highways of China may be divided into three categories: (1) state, provincial, or regional highways of political, economic, or military importance; (2) local highways of secondary importance, operated by counties or communes; (3) special-purpose highways, mostly managed by factories, mines, state farms, forestry

�vila

In full� �vila De Los Caballeros, � city and capital of �vila province, in the Castile-Le�n comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�), central Spain. The city of �vila is situated on the Adaja River at 3,715 feet (1,132 m) above sea level and is surrounded by the lofty Sierra de Gredos (south) and the Sierra de Guadarrama (east). The city lies 54 miles (87 km) west of Madrid. A pre-Roman settlement on the site became part of Roman Lusitania

La Guardia, Fiorello H.

La Guardia was reared in Arizona and at the age of 16 moved to Budapest with his mother. He was employed at the U.S. consulate there, and he later served in the American consulates at Trieste and Fiume, returning to the United States in 1906. While working at Ellis Island

La Guardia, Fiorello H.

Any of several viruses in the herpes family (Herpesviridae), frequently involved in human infection. The virus is so named for the enlarged cells produced by active infections; these cells are characterized by the inclusion of foreign matter, especially in the nucleus. Cytomegalovirus, which is transmitted by sexual contact or exposure to infected body fluids,

Qeqertarsuaq

Formerly �Disko Island, Disko �also spelled �Disco, � island in Davis Strait off western Greenland, northwest of Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay and southwest of Vaigat Strait. It is 80 miles (130 km) long, 20 - 75 miles (32 - 120 km) wide, and 3,312 square miles (8,578 square km) in area and has a maximum elevation of 6,296 feet (1,919 m). There are coal and iron deposits, and some lignite is mined around Qullissat in the northeast. Qeqertarsuaq (Danish: Godhavn), the largest settlement,

Protestantism, Origins

Puritanism first emerged as a distinct movement in a controversy over clerical vestments and liturgical practices during the reign of Elizabeth. Immediately following the Elizabethan Settlement, Protestant clergy could, within reason, choose what to wear while leading worship. Many preachers took this opportunity to do away with the formal attire as well

Procter, William Cooper

The soapmaking firm of Procter

Alva

City, seat (1907) of Woods county, northwestern Oklahoma, U.S., on Salt Fork of the Arkansas River near the Kansas border. Established as a land office in 1893 at a Santa Fe Railway stop, it was named for Alva Adams, a railroad attorney and governor of Colorado (1887 - 89). It is a marketing and processing centre for a wheat and livestock area. Manufactures include tractors and furniture; petroleum

Platform Tennis

Also called �Platform Paddle Tennis, or Paddle Tennis,� sport that is a combination of tennis and squash, devised in 1928 by American sports enthusiasts Fessenden Blanchard and James Cogswell at Scarsdale, N.Y. It is played on specially constructed platforms, 60 by 30 feet (18 by 9 m), surrounded by back and side walls of tightly strung wire netting 12 feet (3.7 m) high. The actual court measures 44 by 20 feet (13.4 by 6 m), and the net is 2 feet 10 inches (86 cm) high at its centre.

Telephone And Telephone System, Early telegraph facsimile

Facsimile transmission over wires traces its origins to Alexander Bain, a Scottish mechanic. In 1843, less than seven years after the invention of the telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse, Bain received a British patent for �improvements in producing and regulating electric currents and improvements in timepieces and in electric printing and signal telegraphs.� Bain's fax

Arts, Central Asian, Sculpture

The art of casting images in bronze and other metals entered Tibet from Nepal and India. Having first followed foreign models, the Tibetans gradually developed their own styles

Lie, Trygve (halvdan)

Educated at the University of Kristiania (Oslo), Lie practiced law and became a leading member of the Norwegian Labour Party

R.e.m.

R.E.M., named for a dream-state condition (rapid eye movement), formed in 1980 in Athens, Georgia, a university town about 65 miles